Stress Essay -- essays research papers

StressIntroductionYou come home from work odoring as though you have been run through the spincycle of your swear out machine. You cant wait to take off your shoes and pouryourself a (stiff ) cool drink.StressEverybody knows what stress is. Stress is an integral part of our urbanlifestyle. It has become a normal part of life, although it is generally knownthat stress is bad for health. But, doesnt stress also have advantages? Isstress the same as burden?What is stress? start-off of all we want to make clear what exactly stress is. The bodys adaptiveresponse to abnormal circumstances (like threats or demands) from a new orever-changing situation is called stress. The term "stress" refers both to certainheightened mental and body states and to the causes of such states.Nowadays the symptoms of stress are well known. When the human body is netherstress (whether it is real or imaginary) Adrenaline is poured into thebloodstream. As a result of that the pulse quickens, the blood pressure raisesand the muscle tension increases. Furthermore you may feel more criticised byothers, become more pessimistic, cynical, or resentful than usual. Things younormally look forward to may seem like a burden.A pile of people are not aware of being under stress. Some are frequently underso much stress that they assume the belief is normal.ProsBy hearing the word "stress" most people think of something unpleasant and bad.But that is only conditionally tr...

Essay on Millays Relationships in Sonnet xxxi -- Sonnet essays

Millays Relationships in Sonnet xxxi In his 1967 book, Edna St. Vincent Millay, James Gray writes that the theme of all her Millays rhyme is the search for the integrity of the individual spirit (Gray 6). While searching for the uniqueness of the individual spirit, Millays poetry, especially Sonnet xxxi, becomes interested in how the individual plant when it is involoved in a relationship and must content with the power struggles which occur within that relationship. Power struggles occur on many levels, but Millay works in Sonnet xxxi with the decision of a partner to deny her individuality in order to provide harmony within the couple. Ultimately, the poem demonstrates that happiness cannot be found when one partner chooses to deny themselves and their individuality. In Sonnet xxxi, Millays woman mentally confronts her husband after he has insulted her intelligence by winning a book away from her and commenting, What a big book for such a little head The woman complies with his insistance that she entertain him by primping and preening in fr...

Response To Aol Controversy :: essays research papers

Response To AOL Controversy     The article "America Online, while you can" by Bob Woods is all aboutthe hoopla concerning the fact that America Online, or AOL, has not been able toaccommodate its vast amount of customers. This is due to AOLs raw(a) flat rate,which substituted their original hourly deal. Many AOL users experience busysignals when trying to log on. When and if they do get on AOL, the service runsextremely slow because of the choke off of users. Woods threatens that AOL willlose many of their customers if they dont improve their resources. Othercompanies should beef-up their advertising and try to cash in by targeting theunsatisfied AOL users.In this day and old age of internet use, people in any given location canchoose from at least fifteen national companies, such as sprintlink, compuserve,ameritech, erols and so on. Using these services are less expensive thanAmerica Online. Per month for unlimited use they average at around $10 to $1 5dollars as opposed to AOLs hefty $19.95 a month. AOLers are paying for theappealing menus, graphics and services AOL uses to drive their customers to theinternet. These same features can be located anywhere else on the net with theaid of any search device, such as infoseek, yahoo, microsoft network or web-crawler. These sites are no harder to use and they provide lots of helpfulmenus and information.     In Woods article, he states that he lives in Chicago, and AOL hasseveral different access numbers to try if one is busy. He writes that oftenwhen he has tried to log on using all of the available numbers, and has stillbeen unsuccessful. This is a problem for him because he is dependent on AOL to"do the daily grind of (his) job as a reporter and PM managing editor." If Iwas not satisfied with the performance of my internet provider, which happens tobe sprintlink, I would not complain to the company. I would take my moneyelsewhere, curiously if my job dep ended on using the internet. With all of theother options available, wasted time and inevitable frustration using AOL couldbe eliminated. I live in Richmond, Va., which is a fairly big city and expect notonce been logged off or gotten a busy signal using sprintlink. And I only haveone access line available with my provider as opposed to AOLs multiple lines.I agree with Woods in the fact that people will (in most circumstances) getbetter internet service and customer service with a local, smaller or more

Shakespeares Tempest - A Tired and Dated Work? :: Shakespeare Tempest

The agitation Immortal untainted or Tired and Dated Work?     Why do educators hold the deeds of Shakespe be in such high regard? Should The storm be considered an divinity fudge classic?  Indeed Shakespeares kit and caboodle had great significance in the evolution of English literature, but these works, including The tempest are mostly devoid of significance and literary time value in the present day.  One can involve to gain little appreciation for fine literature from the reading of Shakespeares works for reasons enumerate.  First of all, the brilliant and sophisticated metaphoric vernacular style of the language utilise is archaic even the speech of intellectually refined individuals and other respected literary works do not imploy of this rich style of speech.   The poemic composition of The Tempest does not increase ones ability to appreciate distinguished literature because the refined and respected works of most other classical write rs are in allegory form and thus differ highly from Shakesperian works in the literary devices and mannerisms from which they are comprised.                The Tempest was written in early seventeeth century England.  At this percentage point of history and country the English language was quite different from what it is today in many a(prenominal) ways.  First, standard, formal vocabulary was different at this time.  An great vitrine is found in the line ...you bawling, blasphemous, incharitable dog (act 1 sc. 1, p. 9).  In this line, the word incharitable is the modern alike of the word uncharitable.  The standard dictionary word has changed prefixes somewhere througout the centuries.  some other thing that would have made a further gap between the vernacular in the play and modern English is Shakespeares deployment of common language,or slang (although I have no proof because I dont speak  sixteenth century slang).  A lues venerea o your throught... (act 1 sc.1, p. 9) and ...give oer...(act 1 sc. 1, p. 9).  These phrases seem to be slang therms because they are so deviant from there modern english equvalents, curses on and give up, respectiveley. What value does learning the archaic vernacular give to the reader.  Surely it does not increase thier word power or sophisticate their vocabulary, for nowhere, not even in among spate of high intellectual refinement such as antiquated college professers, is this dead language used.             Another distinctive trait of the vernacular used in The Tempest is the obese use of metaphor.  This use of metaphor is so heavy and outlandish that it becomes extrodinarily difficult to interpret and causes the words to fall into chaotic ambiguity.Shakespeares Tempest - A Tired and Dated Work? Shakespeare TempestThe Tempest Immortal Classic or Tired and Dated Work?&nbs p    Why do educators hold the works of Shakespeare in such high regard? Should The Tempest be considered an immortal classic?  Indeed Shakespeares works had great significance in the evolution of English literature, but these works, including The Tempest are mostly devoid of significance and literary value in the present day.  One can expect to gain little appreciation for fine literature from the reading of Shakespeares works for reasons enumerate.  First of all, the colorful and sophisticated metaphoric vernacular style of the language utilized is archaic even the speech of intellectually refined individuals and other respected literary works do not imploy of this rich style of speech.   The poemic composition of The Tempest does not increase ones ability to appreciate distinguished literature because the refined and respected works of most other classical writers are in novel form and thus differ highly from Shakesperian works in the literary devices and mannerisms from which they are comprised.                The Tempest was written in early seventeeth century England.  At this period of history and country the English language was quite different from what it is today in many ways.  First, standard, formal vocabulary was different at this time.  An great example is found in the line ...you bawling, blasphemous, incharitable dog (act 1 sc. 1, p. 9).  In this line, the word incharitable is the modern equivalent of the word uncharitable.  The standard dictionary word has changed prefixes somewhere througout the centuries.  Another thing that would have made a further gap between the vernacular in the play and modern English is Shakespeares deployment of common language,or slang (although I have no proof because I dont speak  sixteenth century slang).  A pox o your throught... (act 1 sc.1, p. 9) and ...give oer...(act 1 sc. 1, p. 9).  The se phrases seem to be slang therms because they are so deviant from there modern english equvalents, curses on and give up, respectiveley. What value does learning the archaic vernacular give to the reader.  Surely it does not increase thier word power or sophisticate their vocabulary, for nowhere, not even in among people of high intellectual refinement such as venerable college professers, is this dead language used.             Another distinctive trait of the vernacular used in The Tempest is the heavy use of metaphor.  This use of metaphor is so heavy and outlandish that it becomes extrodinarily difficult to interpret and causes the words to fall into chaotic ambiguity.

The Joy of Community Service :: Community Service Essays

Never in my wildest dreams would I have even begun to imagine that community service couldbe such a rewarding experience. As the oldest child I never had the opportunity of having psyche thatcould dish out me with my homework, play with me and help me when I mandatory something. My parentsonce in a while could help me with homework, but once we moved to the United States I was definitelyon my own considering my parents didnt know enough English to help me. From this moment forward, Ican say Im very proud of myself for being where I am now without any help throughout my schoolyears. Yet, I know I could have done better with the help of someone. I figured with the opportunity todo community service, I could take advantage of this short letter and choose something that would helpkids with whatever they needed and maybe even play with them if I had the chance.Looking through the long list of places to do community service, the YMCA youngster Care Centercaught my attention. I knew th is was going to be a great choice but I didnt think it could make such an doctor in my life. This child care is an educational and fun place for kids after school to stay at whiletheir parents get off of work. They have a certain schedule where they eat snacks, do their homework,go to a Sumba class, play outside and other activities. I had the pleasure of meeting a group of rattling(prenominal) little kids. Within the first week of me being there as soon as they walked in they would giveme a hug to greet me. When they needed help with their homework or to tie their shoe they wouldcome running to me to ask for help with whatever they needed. They made me feel good because I wassomeone they looked up to and I had the ability to help them with anything they needed. At first I hadmy doubts about doing community service here because I am a very impatient person especially when itcomes to kids. I didnt think I could be around so many kids for so long. Yet, the love and respect thiskids sh owed me helped me baffle a better and more patient person with them and all other kids in mypersonal life. Every day I looked forward to going to the YMCA and consumption time with these kids,helping, dancing Sumba, and playing games with them.

The Joy of Community Service :: Community Service Essays

Never in my wildest dreams would I have even begun to imagine that community wait on couldbe such a rewarding experience. As the oldest child I never had the opportunity of having someone thatcould help me with my homework, play with me and help me when I inevitable something. My parentsonce in a while could help me with homework, but once we moved to the United States I was definitelyon my own considering my parents didnt hit the sack enough English to help me. From this moment forward, Ican say Im very proud of myself for being where I am right off without any help through and throughout my schoolyears. Yet, I know I could have done better with the help of someone. I figured with the opportunity todo community wait on, I could take advantage of this situation and choose something that would helpkids with whatsoever they needed and maybe even play with them if I had the chance.Looking through the long list of places to do community service, the YMCA Child Care Centercaught my attention. I knew this was going to be a great choice but I didnt think it could make such animpact in my life. This child care is an educational and fun place for kids after school to stay at whiletheir parents get off of work. They have a certain schedule where they eat snacks, do their homework,go to a Sumba class, play outside and other activities. I had the pleasure of meeting a group ofwonderful little kids. Within the first week of me being there as soon as they walked in they would giveme a hug to greet me. When they needed help with their homework or to tie their shoe they wouldcome running to me to ask for help with whatever they needed. They made me feel good because I wassomeone they looked up to and I had the ability to help them with anything they needed. At first I hadmy doubts about doing community service here because I am a very impatient person especially when itcomes to kids. I didnt think I could be around so many kids for so long. Yet, the love and respect this kids showed me helped me become a better and more patient person with them and all other kids in mypersonal life. any day I looked forward to going to the YMCA and spending time with these kids,helping, dancing Sumba, and playing games with them.

Whistle Man Essay

Brian Ridden, is an entertaining book for teens that reflects the Australian identity In several ways. This is because It recaps real events, through the eyes of an ordinary orphan named Garret Clan. Garrett does this by revealing how the characters, setting and plot during the sasss In Australia, represents the Australian Identity. In this fabulous book, Ned Is sh let as a hero due to Garrett, though It doesnt deliver enough evidence about the different side of him. Firstly, the characters exemplify what Australia was analogous back in the day, with its main focus Ewing on Ned Kelly.Ned Kelly who is the most likely bilgewater hero from Australias history is known by Garrett to have many terrific values. This is shown in the book when Garrett quoted, Ned has a good heart as all he wants to do is to help the Irish poor. Although Whistle Man is really Garrets story. The two extreme ways of Kelly (the local murderer and the uncontrolled bush ranger), are the choices that too face Garrett over the years as he grows to maturity. Should he work Joyfully to build his own farm and life, or should he follow in the footsteps of Ends crusade? quoted on age 112.Secondly, the setting of this book Is In Victoria which was at a time when most of the Australian population lived In the market-gardening towns and most battalion had an Irish background. This was quoted after Garrett was tired of doing chores and said Most of us are living on farms and are Irish-born, but no other people has to do as much work as what I have to do on the farms. The setting during the sasss in Australia was considerably different to what it is like now. This is because now when you look around the streets you see most people living in the city with a mix of diverse backgrounds.Though in sasss, all the people who you would see were white Australians who lived in country towns. Thirdly, the plot demonstrates the Australian identity in a number of ways. Brian Riddles new story, Whistle Man, a chieves this by highlighting the choices that take form a persons life. This is shown from Garrett Clan, who encounters Ned Kelly in 1874. Ned was four years older than me and was the tough bushman who I wanted to be, said Garrett. Garrett, an orphan raised by an old family friend, worships the accomplished and untroubled Ned. Ned, In return, helps find him work and his own horse.But he also tries to steer Garrett clear of the local land politics that would soon create a phenomenal bush ranging story. Lastly, Whistle Man is an excellent addition to the many stories about Ned Kelly and embodies the Australia identity through several themes. The first theme is to choose your own destinies in what you desirably believe in. This was shown as it presents Ned as a believable person, who despite what anyone else thought, was stubborn to help the Irish poor. This was also quoted by Garrett who said Ned is very determined to help the Irish poor and I am going to help him achieve this.The second theme is that we must all make our own appreciation but In return respect others. This was shown in the book after Garrett was about to leave and Magnums said l noticed before you didnt respect yourself so you disrespected others, but now you have found that respect In your heart and I am beginning to see the major transformation. To conclude, Whistle man Is an undreamed book that showcases the Australian identity through the characters. Setting, plot and themes. The reader sees the choices made that lead to some tragedies.

Out of the Norm (Breaching Experiment)

Breaching experiments are most commonly associated with ethnomethodology, a Breaching Experiment is an experiment that pay heedks to examine rafts reactions to violations of commonly Accepted social rules or norms. Norms are defined as the expectations, or rules of behavior, that Develop unwrap of values. For this Project, I was required to violate a norm. Basically doing Something out of the ordinary its not common at all in society, in this project well find out What is people reaction by arranging myself doing something that calls their attention like what I Did in this project. Asking people around the mall for HUGS & KISSES or saying randomly Hi, to them pretending I cognize them for a while, at the time I start developing my experiment Was difficult for me to keep a straight Face while doing it.The reaction of individuals at the beginning of this experiment was negative and doubtful, Not all dared to give me a hug, out of the obvious fear of the camera, many had not clear What was my purpose of better-looking hugs so they preferred to continue with their walking Ignoring me at all, but certainly that didnt stop me to continue researching more looks and Reactions.As well as there were people who rejected me, there were many people affordable, who gave me a warm host smile and definitely my hug. It is impressive how within a few hours of doing this Project I carefully analyze and determine the acceptances and denials of society by doing Something out of the ordinary on a typical and current day.At home I created a biased poster to call attention of the pedestrians, it was rare for me to say to People that Hugs and Kisses were given away as its obviously this kind of experimentations Is not common at all, but that is what this experiment was near, as you seen in the video not All people react to our proposals same way so, many run away, others ended up agreeing by Being intimidated by a camera, others for being seen well to the others,many did not w anted to Do it, others felt happy and congratulated me as intense because of my project, others were Frightened.In fact I received positive and negative critiques, Talking about genres it as an Advantage for us as girls by received the opposite sexual activity immediately acceptance which is a Positive response, in relation to the women they were restricted somewhat by noticing our Presence, but it was certainly a charming and fun project. price to mention that learning and Enjoying, what you do, is what really matters.When you are a participant in this class of experiments, you experience reactions from people Directly. From all this we learn that the criteria for each person mustiness be respected not necessarily Being all of us alike, our way of thinking varies, leading us to think and act according to what is Taught to us, what we see and experience every day in our different cultures. Now days, in many Countries they do not use physical contact as a way of greeting or cordia lity meaning that it Wouldnt be right to go against the rules that have already been implemented and established in Their cultures.Then, how about people whom beliefs are only based in what society thinks and implement with The past of the time, without letting them create their own criteria?Well these people live daily a routine guided by the rest, and their way of seeing things is totally According to what society thinks is right or not although often have organic changes are not Really common sense to many of the individuals.Whether you way you think or believe in things is based on society or the rest of the people.. You are the owner of your criteria, accept the new changes around, adapt yourself and also opt to Implement what you think and believe is right for the growth of cultural experience of society in Which we live.

Financial Crisis and Brazil Essay

The economic crisis that has swept the dry land since 2008 has wrought havoc in national economies all over the world. As a group, one of the more peculiarly hard-hit groups of nations has been the Latin American countries of Central and South America. nonp areil notable exception to this trend appeared to be the nation of Brazil. The gloomy projections appeared not to apply to Brazil. According to Mauricio Cardenas of the Brooking initiate This doom and gloom has not infected Brazil, however, where President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva is showing unprecedented self-assurance.Speaking in Madrid, Lula said somewhat rhetorically that this conception that markets can do everything is over, and more fundamentally The generation in which emerging countries depended on the IMF are over. This is not Hugo C spend a pennyz speaking, but the president of Latin Americas largest economy, who enjoys 80 percent popularity in his country. (Cardenas, 2008) Although Brazil weathered the early mo nths of the financial crisis better than its Latin American neighbors, the longer the crisis has continued, the more the Brazilian economy has weakened.One of the factors that prevented an immediate collapse of the Brazilian Economy in the wake of the 2008 Crisis was the relative lack of foreign banks in the country. (Cardenas, 2008) Unlike many Latin American nations that commence a high percentage of foreign banks (i. e. Mexico 80% foreign banks), Brazil has only 30% foreign banks. (Cardenas, 2008) In the short term, this allowed Brazil to assume that a contraction in foreign lending would not have as deep an impact on their economy than that of other nations.Brazilian banks, in times of previous economic prosperity, had built reserves, rather than engaging in profligate loaning, leading to the hopes that these reserves were sufficient against the day that foreign banks severely restricted credit. (Cardenas, 2008) By September of 2008, this theory seemed to erode in the face of certain economic indicators. The Bovespa index, a market indicator similar to the Dow Jones industrial Average, lost half of its nurture from May to September of 2008.(Cardenas, 2008) 10% of that drop occurred in the second half of September. More strikingly, the value of Brazils currency, the Real, fell 32% against other world currencies. (Cardenas, 2008) These factors show that Brazil may still be prone to suffer in the economic crisis. Other analysts, such as John Williamson of the Peterson sanctuary of international Economics, have been less sanguine about the prospects of Brazils economy. Wiliamson statedMoreover, the markets decided that while many of the emerging economies might no longer have any need for an inflow of loans, many (like Brazil) are still significant net debtors to the rest of the world and therefore still vulnerable to a emergent withdrawal of foreign credit. Compounding this is the fact that one may have a balanced overall position and still be vulnerabl e because debts are concentrated at short maturities. Hence one read, for example, of the Bovespa index falling by over 10 percent in a day (it has cumulatively halved in value since the peak in May).Likewise, the real has fallen by a cumulative 32 percent in the past month. The markets clearly do not believe that Brazil has been made invulnerable (Williamson, 2008) The world market contraction has had a significant effect on Brazils foreign trade. (Williamson, 2008) The export economy has relied upon raw materials for 50% of exports, and the prices of these materials have dropped dramatically in the face of world-wide declines in demand. (Williamson, 2008) The other half of Brazils exports, differentiated make goods have also decreased in the face of reduced demand.Ironically, the weakness of the real against foreign currencies has softened the negative effect of these factors. (Williamson, 2008) The soft real go out inspire increased purchase of manufactured goods from Brazil. T his will soften, but not eliminate, the negative effects of low demand. The decrease in foreign capital that these good price decreases have reflected, will rapidly eat through Brazils trade surplus, and put strain on lending institutions in Brazil. (Williamson, 2008) The proximo of Brazils economy has been reported with varying degrees of optimism.The GDP of Brazil is projected to contract anywhere from 1. 5 to 20% in 2009 after suppuration 5% in 2008. (Williamson, 2008) An increase in the shift of agricultural exports to China has also contributed to the overall positive projections of the Brazilian economy. (Xinhua, 2009) The increase from adjoin of 2008 (8. 5%) to March of 2009 (12. 5%) amounts of agricultural exports to China reflect this phenomenon. (Xinhua, 2009) The president of Brazil claims that the crisis has passed, and that Brazil has weathered the worst part of the economic crisis of 2008.(Xinhua, 2009) The longevity of the world-wide recession will specialize if t his is in fact a true prediction. (Xinhua, 2009) Brazil weathered the economic crisis of 2008 comparatively well, but suffered great financial repercussions late in the year. The economy seems to be in a stage of recovery, but its continued well being will rely on the recovery of other nations that control lending business office and demand for Brazils exports. Work Cited Cardenas, M. (2008) Global Financial Crisis Is Brazil a Bystander? Retrieved June 4th, 2009 from Brookings Institution websitehttp//www. brookings. edu/opinions/2008/1015_financial_crisis_cardenas. aspx Williamson, J. (2008) The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Brazil Retrieved June 4th, 2009 from Peterson Institution of international Economics website http//www. iie. com/publications/papers/williamson1008. pdf Xinhua (2009) Brazils agricultural exports to China up 52. 5 percent in March Retrieved June 4th 2009 from Chinas peoples Daily website http//english. people. com. cn/90001/90778/90857/90861/663435 6. html

Tanning Beds and Cancer

According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, on an average day, nearly thirty million heap burn indoors in the United States (Skin Cancer Facts 2011). What is even more alarming is, a new study has shown that stack who use whipping parlors once a month or more exact an increased risk of developing malignant melanoma by 55%. melanoma is iodine of the deadliest forms of genuflect backsidecer (Skin Cancer Facts 2011). If this statistic does not scare those who use convert beds, it should. Although a nice bronze glow accompanies your body after your send to the tanning bed, a lifetime of trouble for your grate leave alone follow, also.Is a nice tan really worth a lifetime of health concerns for your skin? To many, it is because of societies definition of beauty. Society thinks the judgement of beauty involves harming their skin and receiving potential cancer in return for laying in a bed for color. This involve to change just as much as we need to stop the increase of skin can cer. One-way to stop this delusional sense of beauty and to reduction the number of skin cancer patients is to relegate tanning beds. Tanning beds should be banned in the U. S. ecause although you may get instant, temporary, tan skin, developing a pestilent cancer called melanoma can create more permanent unpleasant medical issues and the real idea of beauty needs to be re-established. To begin, many tidy sum cast off heard the term melanoma but it is all-important(prenominal) to know and understand what it is. According to the article malignant melanoma Stage Three Prognosis, Melanoma is a cancer that forms in the melanocytes of the skin. These are cells that make melanin, which colors our eyes, hair and skin (Melanoma 2011).These cells can be found in moles usually brown or black in color, but sometimes pink, red, or even blue. Not only can these moles and other spots be cancerous, they can be deadly. Melanoma is one of the deadliest cancers in America, and also one of the f astest spreading cancers (Skin Cancer Facts 2011). People do not recognize they are carriers, therefore do not receive adequate treatment, so it spreads to additional parts in your body, and very quickly. This spreading is referred to as mestasis (Melanoma Stage Three Prognosis 2011).As it spreads to other parts of the body it makes for a very difficult treatment because lymph nodes start the invasion process of nearby tissue and form lesions on lively organs (Melanoma Stage Three Prognosis 2011). As a result, melanoma in the United States kills nearly 8,700 unlucky people every family (Skin Cancer Facts 2011). Also, according to the American Cancer Society, there is an estimated 120,000 new cases of melanoma in the US are diagnosed in a year (Melanoma Skin Cancer 2011). These statistics are alarming because we all could potentially make a choice to start decreasing these numbers.Using tanning beds is causing skin cancer which spreads quickly, can reach a stage that is extremely hard to treat and could lead to death. If tanning beds were banned, there would be fewer people last from skin cancer because people wouldnt be allowed to use them. Since using tanning beds is the number one cause of skin cancer itself, banning them should be a given. In addition to causing skin cancer, tanning beds are brainwashing people into thinking that being tan is the new dishy. What ever happened to lifelike beauty, including pale skin?It is sad that our society has made women and men feel self-conscious about their color because tanning beds offer a tan. We have started a society where kids are judged because they are not pretty and tan like the others. As a result, kids and adults feel self-conscious and become depressed, sometimes track to suicidal thoughts or even suicide itself, due to the lack of confidence they have in themselves. If tanning beds were banned kids and adults would not feel self-conscious about their skin because you wouldnt be able to tan constantl y without the real sun.Some say that even though tanning beds are banned, people volition go on vacation and return home tan and people leave feel the same way, but this color will be natural. Re-establishing the idea of natural beauty will benefit everybody and their confidence. Next, to prevent people from going tanning government officials need to ban tanning in the U. S. If people amend this law, there will be federal consequences just as any other law has. Reason being, there are enough innocent people dying from skin cancer because of the natural sun, so by banning tanning beds we can save the lives of those who get cancer from the beds.Also, we can re-define the term beautiful so those who are self-conscious about their beautiful pale skin are confident in their natural beauty. If we enforce this new law, people will not feel as self conscious about their pale skin because there will be no other way to tan except by the natural sun. This will get people to realize that the natural way is the most beautiful way. In some states, there have been laws implemented to restrict minors from tanning. There have also been laws stating that you must have parent permission to be able to tan.These laws dont make up because minors use fake i. d. s or have other people sign for them (Should Tanning Beds Be censor 1995). If we enforce the new law, we can be one step closer to stopping suicide caused by low self-esteem, and helping the depressed become confident in their bodies. With all these reasons as to why there should be a ban on tanning beds comes the other side of the argument. Some people believe Imposing a ban on tanning salons would restrict the free choice of consumers (Should tanning beds be banned? 1995).If consumers are given correct information about the dangers of indoor tanning, because they should be able to weigh these risks against their own personal benefits from indoor tanning and decide for themselves if it would be a rational choice. Some say the government should not tell consumers that they cannot assume certain risks, even if they are willing to do so, just because the government believes that the risks are too great (Should Tanning Beds Be censor? 1995). Some also believe that not everyone develops cancer after visiting these salons, and consumers might be willing to take the gamble (Should Tanning Beds Be Banned? 1995). People arguing against banning tanning beds believe that a ban on tanning salons would infringe the free choice rights of over one million citizens of the United States. In my opinion, the government should risk these unhappy citizens for decreasing the number of skin cancer patients. It should not matter if your choice is infringed upon because this new law will be saving the lives of many. In conclusion, tanning beds cause melanoma, which can lead to death. Tanning beds have also aided in changing the definition of beauty.If tanning beds were banned, we could stop the rise in skin cancer pati ents and save the lives of many. Also, we can boost those kids and adults self-esteem who still think their natural skin is beautiful disdain how others who use tanning beds may make them feel. In the long run, we could reduce the number of depressed and even suicidal individuals who become self-conscious because of the color of their skin. This is an important decision to make because we can reduce the number of deaths and help kids and adults realize they are beautiful the way they are.

Impact of Public Debt Burden on Economic Growth of Bangladesh Essay

AbstractBangladesh is relying heavily on worldly concern debt to meet the budget deficit since its independence. In this paper, the objective is to control out whether the government of Bangladesh is excessively borrowing from the in the customary eye(predicate) sources and thusly negatively affecting the economy of the democracy. For this purpose GDP emergence rate (GDP), manufacturing sector harvest-festival rate (MANF), investment as dowery of GDP (INV) and Export as percentage of GDP (EXP) have been selected for judging the blow of public debt lode (DB) on these variables. The study period is 1980-81 to 2011-12. Augmented Dickey-Fuller political campaign has been used to diagnose whether the judgment of conviction series data atomic number 18 non-stationary. Granger Causality stress has been performed to identify whether DB can be used for prediction of GDP, MANF, INV and EXP, and vice-versa.Then on the basis of the result of Johansen co-integration probe, Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model has been used to find out the long circumstance association amongst each set of variables. But, the result shows that in Bangladesh, there is no long term statistically significant association ofDB with each of the above mentioned economic indicators. Thus, it can be said that public debt burden has no positive or negative rival on the economic growth of Bangladesh. Keywords Public Debt Burden, Economic Growth, Domestic Debt, External Debt, Johansen Co-integration, Granger Causality JEL Classification Codes C22, H68, R42, E62, O111. IntroductionBangladesh, a young country burdened with scant natural resources and a burgeoning population, has always depended on loans and grants to fulfill its ambitions and thus deficit budgets have become the norm. Budget deficits are financed by- printing money, unknown borrowings and internal borrowings and running down foreign exchange reserves. According to the economists and queryers, Bangladesh is utilise all four options mentioned above and reliance of Bangladesh government on foreign and domestic loans is crowding out private investments and thus stifling the economic growth. Excessive dependency on public debt will non only hamper the current economic growth but excessively will affect the economy negatively in the long run, as the future generations have to bear the burden of large amount of debt servicing. This study is aimed at drawing empirical evidence, whether heavy reliance on public debt in twelvemonthly budgets is hampering the economic growth of the country.There is much debate on the number whether public borrowing has a positive or negative relationship with the economic growth of a country. According to the followers of classical school of thoughts of economics, public debt slows down the economic growth of a country and public debt should be kept as minimum as possible. thus far, the Keynesian economists are extremely pliable about public borrowing. The paper is ar ranged as follows the first section introduces the study the second section describes the current scenario and trends of budget deficit and public debt burden of Bangladesh the findings of the related literature are reviewed in the third section the fourth and fifth sections concern the research objective, models specification, sample size and sources of data and definitions of the related variables the estimations and interpretations of the analyses are presented in the sixth section and the final section consists of a summary and conclusion of the study.2. Literature ReviewA large number of studies had been conducted to identify the impact of public debt burden on the economic growth of a country across the world. In Bangladesh a several number of research studies had been done on the sustainability of public debt burden and on the crowding out effect. However in Bangladesh very few studies have been done using the Vector Auto-regressive model, to identify the impact of public de bt burden on the economic growth of the country. Fosu (1996) investigated the debt overhang hypothesis by studying 13 severely indebted countries- Zambia, Venezuela, Sierra Leone, Philippines, Peru, Morocco, Mexico, Kenya, Honduras, Egypt, Ivory Coast, genus Argentina and Algeria. The sample period was 1971 to 1991 and the author used OLS estimation method for panel data. The author found the negative and robust relationship among investment and extraneous debt. Qureshi & Ali (2010) analyzed the impact of higher(prenominal) public debt burden on the economy of Pakistan.The sample of the study was 1981 to 2008. From their study a vast negative impact of public debt on the economy of Pakistan had been found by the authors. Ahmed & Shakur( 2011) performed a research to highlight the problems created by the debt ( outside(a) debt) to economic growth of Pakistan. They have used the unit root rill and Johansen co-integration to analyze time series data from FY 1981 to FY 2008. The Gran ger Causality Vector Error Correction (GCVEC) method proved unidirectional relationship between external debt and growth rate of GDP per capita. Wijeweera, Dollery & Pathberya (2005), investigated the connections between external debt servicing and economic growth in Srilanka during 1952-2002 by using co-integration methodology for the long run break correction method for the short run.they find negative impact of debt servicing on the economic growth but insignificant. Theason is that the external indebtness is not too high in Srilanka.The result indicate that Srilanka does not have a debt overhang problem and further they conclude that there is no short run relationshi between debt servicing and GNP. Hyman (2007) conducted a study on the impact of high debt burden on the economic growth of six Carribean countries. He found that the high indebtness of these polished Carribean countries is causing negative economic growth rate. Ogunmuyiwa (2011) examined whether external debt actu ally promotes economic growth in developing countries using Nigeria as a case study. conviction series data from 1970-2007 were fitted into the regression equation using variouseconometric techniques such as Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test, Granger causality test, Johansen co-integration test and Vector Error Correction Method (VECM). Empirical results reveal that causality does not exist between external debt and economic growth as spring between debt and growth was also found to be weak and insignificant in Nigeria. El-Mahdy & Torayeh (2009) used data for the period 1981-2006 to find out the debt sustainability of Egypt and the results obtained from cointegration model revealed that the public domestic debt in Egypt has a robust negative impact on growth.The sustainability of debt was examined used some algebra methods. From a study of International Monetary Fund (2008), Bangladeshs risk of debt distress is low based on external debt indicators. Bangladeshs external debt burd en indicators do not breach the relevant policy-dependent indicative thresholds nether the baseline scenario and exhibit only a marginal breach under the stress tests. Debt burden indicators are significantly worse when domestic debt is included. Accordingly, this analysis reveals a more elevated risk of debt distress on public debt compared to results based solely on external debt. Staffs will monitor closely the evolution of domestic debt and the governments ability to mobilize domestic resources. Majumder (2007) investigated the crowding-out effect of public borrowing on private investment in the Bangladesh context. An investment function with terce independent variables, namely, public borrowing, GDP and interest rate has been estimated by analyzing the unit root test, co-integration test and the error correction model.The main findings of the study do not corroborate the crowding-out hypothesis in Bangladesh, rather, provide the evidence of crowding-in effect. Gunter & Rahman (2008) used the debt swelling module, to project the evolution of Bangladeshs public debt over a 15-year horizon (from fiscal year 2006 to fiscal year 2021) under three different macroeconomic scenarios and two different financing scenarios of an ambitious government-led investment strategy. The results of the debt scenario implied that increases in the debt levels for most of the projection period with levels high enough to have negative implications on investment and growth, the grant scenario implies a clearly limited increase in debt levels, with reduced debt levels at the end of the projection period similar to those under the baseline scenario. From the brief review in can be found that public debt burden hasa negative impact on the economic growth of a country, its impact on investment and other economic indicator varies depending on a countrys extent of indebtness.Situation of Public Debt Burden in BangladeshPublic debt is of two types- i) external debt and ii) domestic deb t. The amounts of domestic debt are estimated by the Ministry of Finance of Bangladesh government. frame of reference 1 Budget Deficit, External Loan, Domestic Loan, and Net Loan from Banking and Non-banking Sector of Bangladesh from1993-2012 (amounts in 00 crore taka)Source Bangladesh Economic Review 2005-06 and 2011-12From the above graph it can be found that the budget deficit of Bangladesh government is increasing from year to year and it is showing a sharp increment in deficit from the fiscal year 2008-09 onwards. The domestic debt burden and govt.s reliance on credit from banking channels are showing a sharp increase from the fiscal year 2009-10 onwards. However the dependence on external credit is showing a declining trend. Research objective and SampleThe objective of this research is to observe the empirical relationship between public debt burden and economic growth of Bangladesh. For this purpose time series econometric tools have been used. Various variables that indicat e debt burden parameter and growth particularise have been taken in to consideration. The sample period of the study is 32 years, from 1980-81 to 2011-12. Data used in this study has been collected from secondary source. Data and methodological analysis* Nature of the Variables In this study variables used are- Debt Burden (DB), where DB is stands for Debt Burden that is sum of Domestic Debt and foreign debt outstanding at the end of each period, reckon as percentage of GDP Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate manufacturing production growth rate (Manf) total investment as percentage of GDP (Inv) and totalexport as percentage of GDP (Exp). * Data Collection Data series of these variables is collected from Bangladesh Economic Survey/ Review (various issues), periodical Economic Trends (various issues) and Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh (various issues). * Method of Estimation At first the stationary property of the univariate time series data has been examined. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test has been used to test the unit roots of the concerned time series variables (Dickey and Fuller, 1979). The extended maintained regression used in the ADF test can be expressed in its most general form as (1)Where, is the drift term, denotes the time trend, and is the largest lag length used. In this model, H0 =There is unit-root & H1 = There is no unit-root. Then, the time series has been examined for co-integration. Co-integration analysis helps to identify long-run economic relationship between two variables. Granger and Newbold (1974) noted that, co-integration analysis is important because if two non-stationary variables are integrated, a Vector Autoregression (VAR) is misspesified due to the impact of a common trend. If co-integration can be identified between the variables then the model should include the residuals from the vectors (lagged one period) in the projectile Vector Error Correcting Mechanism (VECM) system. If the variables are not co-integ rated then Vector Autoregression (VAR) model is used. (2)The bivariate vector autoregressive model has two dependent variables y1,t and y2,t, where t = 1, , T. The growing of the series should be explained by the common past of these variables. That means, the explanatory variables in the simplest model are y1,t-1 and y2,t-1. The VAR (1) with lagged values for every variable is determined by (3)y1,t= 11y1,t-1+12y2,t-1+1,ty2,t=21y1,t-1+22y2,t-1+2,1In this model the assumptions about error terms are-* The expected residuals are zero,Ei,t=0 with i=1, 2* The error terms are not auto-correlatedEi,t.j,=0 with tHowever, VAR-Models themselves do not allow us to make statements about causal relationships. This holds especially when VAR-Models are only approximately change to an unknown time series process, while a causal interpretation requires an underlying economic model. However, VAR-Models allow interpretations about the dynamic relationship between the indicated variables. (4)The Joha nsen approach can be used to carry out Granger causality test as well. Granger (1969) developed a test approach to cogent evidence if a time series X contributes to the prediction of another series Y. Granger Causality is exists if the mean squared forecast error (MSE) by using the series X in the forecast model is smaller than without consideration of X MSEYYt+hIt23..k and r0 ranges from zero to k-1 depending upon the stage in the sequence. This is relevant test statistics for the null hypothesis r r0 against the alternative r r0 + 1. The second test statistic is the maximum Eigen value test known as max(r0). This is closely related to the suck up statistic, but arises from changing the alternative hypothesis from r r0 + 1 to r = r0 + 1. The idea is to improve the post of the test by limiting the alternative to a co-integration rank which is just by one more than the null hypothesis. The max test statistic is max(r0) = -T in (1- i) for i = r0 + 1The null hypothesis is that t here are r cointegrating vectors, against the alternative of r + 1 cointegrating vectors. Johansen and Juslius (1990) indicated that the trace test might lack power relative to the maximum Eigen value test. Based on the power of the test, the maximum Eigen value test statistic is often preferred. Estimation and ExplanationTo examine the impacts of public debt burden on the economic growth of Bangladesh for the time period of 1980-81 to 2011-12, the research results and their explanations are presented in this section.